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                <text>Like the Mosaic of the Four Seasons, this mosaic depicting most likely the popular cult of the Romanized Apis Bull was not whitewashed when Pammachius' family gained the household. Quite popular in the 4th century, and part of Rome's many acceptable cults, Munk plausibly suggests the senator left the image up as a concession to his pagan uncle Lampadius. As a venerable cult image, the Apis Bull underscores, more than the image of the Four Seasons even, the complexities of private devotion in late antique Rome. Apparently a devoutly Christian aristocratic couple felt comfortable with this concession in their own home.</text>
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                <text>Ana Munk. "Domestic Piety in Fourth Century Rome: A Relic Shrine Beneath the Church of Ss. Giovanni e Paolo." &lt;em&gt;Hortus Artium Medievalium&lt;/em&gt; 15, no. 1. 2009.</text>
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                <text>Photo taken by Ana Munk; permission granted for non-commercial, educative use</text>
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                <text>On the wall facing that of his wife, senator Pammachius was depicted on the left side of the shrine. In another show of private, domestic devotion to the resident saints, the senator was shown making an perfume offering, most likely balsam - the scent of Paradise. After the death of his wife, Pammachius withdrew from "the world," leaving the public world of the Roman aristocracy, and practiced a semi-monastic lifestyle in his home. </text>
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                <text>Ana Munk. "Domestic Piety in Fourth Century Rome: A Relic Shrine Beneath the Church of Ss. Giovanni e Paolo." &lt;em&gt;Hortus Artium Medievalium&lt;/em&gt; 15, no. 1. 2009.</text>
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                <text>Photo taken by Ana Munk; permission granted for educative, non-commercial use</text>
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                <text>This is the floor plan of Ss. Giovanni e Paolo, showing the improvised nature of the staircase landing and its overall positioning within the domus.</text>
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                <text>Ana Munk. "Domestic Piety in Fourth Century Rome: A Relic Shrine Beneath the Church of Ss. Giovanni e Paolo." &lt;em&gt;Hortus Artium Medievalium&lt;/em&gt; 15, no. 1. 2009.</text>
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                <text>Reconstruction by Ana Munk; permission granted for non-commercial, educational purposes</text>
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