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                <text>Mosaic Depicting Senator Pammachius Making An Offering</text>
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              <elementText elementTextId="625">
                <text>On the wall facing that of his wife, senator Pammachius was depicted on the left side of the shrine. In another show of private, domestic devotion to the resident saints, the senator was shown making an perfume offering, most likely balsam - the scent of Paradise. After the death of his wife, Pammachius withdrew from "the world," leaving the public world of the Roman aristocracy, and practiced a semi-monastic lifestyle in his home. </text>
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            <name>Creator</name>
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              <elementText elementTextId="626">
                <text>Ana Munk</text>
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            <name>Source</name>
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              <elementText elementTextId="627">
                <text>Ana Munk. "Domestic Piety in Fourth Century Rome: A Relic Shrine Beneath the Church of Ss. Giovanni e Paolo." &lt;em&gt;Hortus Artium Medievalium&lt;/em&gt; 15, no. 1. 2009.</text>
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            <name>Date</name>
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              <elementText elementTextId="628">
                <text>2009</text>
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          <element elementId="47">
            <name>Rights</name>
            <description>Information about rights held in and over the resource</description>
            <elementTextContainer>
              <elementText elementTextId="629">
                <text>Photo taken by Ana Munk; permission granted for educative, non-commercial use</text>
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                  <text>Sacred</text>
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                  <text>domestic and public sacred spaces and piety of traditional Roman religion, Christians, and Jews</text>
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              <name>Creator</name>
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                  <text>Joel G. Cerimele</text>
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          <element elementId="50">
            <name>Title</name>
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              <elementText elementTextId="587">
                <text>Apis Bull Mosaic, Ss. Giovanni e Paolo, Caelian Hill, Rome</text>
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            <name>Description</name>
            <description>An account of the resource</description>
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                <text>Like the Mosaic of the Four Seasons, this mosaic depicting most likely the popular cult of the Romanized Apis Bull was not whitewashed when Pammachius' family gained the household. Quite popular in the 4th century, and part of Rome's many acceptable cults, Munk plausibly suggests the senator left the image up as a concession to his pagan uncle Lampadius. As a venerable cult image, the Apis Bull underscores, more than the image of the Four Seasons even, the complexities of private devotion in late antique Rome. Apparently a devoutly Christian aristocratic couple felt comfortable with this concession in their own home.</text>
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            <name>Creator</name>
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                <text>Ana Munk</text>
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            <name>Source</name>
            <description>A related resource from which the described resource is derived</description>
            <elementTextContainer>
              <elementText elementTextId="622">
                <text>Ana Munk. "Domestic Piety in Fourth Century Rome: A Relic Shrine Beneath the Church of Ss. Giovanni e Paolo." &lt;em&gt;Hortus Artium Medievalium&lt;/em&gt; 15, no. 1. 2009.</text>
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            <name>Date</name>
            <description>A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource</description>
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              <elementText elementTextId="623">
                <text>2009</text>
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          <element elementId="47">
            <name>Rights</name>
            <description>Information about rights held in and over the resource</description>
            <elementTextContainer>
              <elementText elementTextId="624">
                <text>Photo taken by Ana Munk; permission granted for non-commercial, educative use</text>
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              <name>Title</name>
              <description>A name given to the resource</description>
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                  <text>Sacred</text>
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              <name>Subject</name>
              <description>The topic of the resource</description>
              <elementTextContainer>
                <elementText elementTextId="38">
                  <text>domestic and public sacred spaces and piety of traditional Roman religion, Christians, and Jews</text>
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            <element elementId="39">
              <name>Creator</name>
              <description>An entity primarily responsible for making the resource</description>
              <elementTextContainer>
                <elementText elementTextId="39">
                  <text>Joel G. Cerimele</text>
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          <element elementId="50">
            <name>Title</name>
            <description>A name given to the resource</description>
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              <elementText elementTextId="586">
                <text>Mosaic Depicting Paulina and possibly Rufina, her younger sister</text>
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          <element elementId="41">
            <name>Description</name>
            <description>An account of the resource</description>
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              <elementText elementTextId="616">
                <text>Paulina, as matriarch of the household and probably motivator behind the construction of this private space, beckons the observer to worship with her outstretched arm. This image was located in the lower register of the right side of the shrine and underscores the intimate nature of household piety. A confidant of St Jerome, Paulina was part of a family of holy women, including her two sisters Blessila and Eustochium and her mother. Interestingly, Rufina, depicted here, was not listed by Jerome as saints.</text>
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            <name>Date</name>
            <description>A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource</description>
            <elementTextContainer>
              <elementText elementTextId="617">
                <text>2009</text>
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            </elementTextContainer>
          </element>
          <element elementId="47">
            <name>Rights</name>
            <description>Information about rights held in and over the resource</description>
            <elementTextContainer>
              <elementText elementTextId="618">
                <text>Photo taken by Ana Munk; permission granted for non-commercial, educational use</text>
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            </elementTextContainer>
          </element>
          <element elementId="39">
            <name>Creator</name>
            <description>An entity primarily responsible for making the resource</description>
            <elementTextContainer>
              <elementText elementTextId="619">
                <text>Ana Munk</text>
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          <element elementId="48">
            <name>Source</name>
            <description>A related resource from which the described resource is derived</description>
            <elementTextContainer>
              <elementText elementTextId="1166">
                <text>Ana Munk. "Domestic Piety in Fourth Century Rome: A Relic Shrine Beneath the Church of Ss. Giovanni e Paolo." &lt;em&gt;Hortus Artium Medievalium&lt;/em&gt; 15, no. 1. 2009.</text>
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          <elementContainer>
            <element elementId="50">
              <name>Title</name>
              <description>A name given to the resource</description>
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                  <text>Sacred</text>
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              </elementTextContainer>
            </element>
            <element elementId="49">
              <name>Subject</name>
              <description>The topic of the resource</description>
              <elementTextContainer>
                <elementText elementTextId="38">
                  <text>domestic and public sacred spaces and piety of traditional Roman religion, Christians, and Jews</text>
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            <element elementId="39">
              <name>Creator</name>
              <description>An entity primarily responsible for making the resource</description>
              <elementTextContainer>
                <elementText elementTextId="39">
                  <text>Joel G. Cerimele</text>
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          <element elementId="50">
            <name>Title</name>
            <description>A name given to the resource</description>
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              <elementText elementTextId="585">
                <text>Dance of the Four Seasons Mosaic, Ss. Giovanni e Paolo, Caelian Hill, Rome</text>
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          <element elementId="41">
            <name>Description</name>
            <description>An account of the resource</description>
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              <elementText elementTextId="610">
                <text>Created in the late 3rd century, after the consolidation of this domus but before the arrival of the pious senator Pammachius and his wife, this mosaic, in the "Room of the Nude Genii," depicts the dance of the Four Seasons personified, surrounded by putti serenely gathering a harvest of grapes. This image, among others in this house on the Caelian Hill, best exemplifies how traditional, aristocratic Roman ideology, steeped in the benign concept of the agricultural wealth of nature, could be retained by early Christians. The need for this kind of shared Roman heritage was especially true, given the role of the aristocratic house as the presentation of their "public" Roman persona. Placed alongside the private devotional cult in the stairwell, Roman imagery such as this renders more multilayered the overall worldview of Roman Christians.</text>
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          </element>
          <element elementId="39">
            <name>Creator</name>
            <description>An entity primarily responsible for making the resource</description>
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              <elementText elementTextId="611">
                <text>Ana Munk</text>
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          <element elementId="48">
            <name>Source</name>
            <description>A related resource from which the described resource is derived</description>
            <elementTextContainer>
              <elementText elementTextId="612">
                <text>Ana Munk. "Domestic Piety in Fourth Century Rome: A Relic Shrine Beneath the Church of Ss. Giovanni e Paolo." &lt;em&gt;Hortus Artium Medievalium&lt;/em&gt; 15, no. 1. 2009.</text>
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            <name>Date</name>
            <description>A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource</description>
            <elementTextContainer>
              <elementText elementTextId="614">
                <text>2009</text>
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            </elementTextContainer>
          </element>
          <element elementId="47">
            <name>Rights</name>
            <description>Information about rights held in and over the resource</description>
            <elementTextContainer>
              <elementText elementTextId="615">
                <text>Photo taken by Ana Munk; non-commercial use permission granted</text>
              </elementText>
            </elementTextContainer>
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  <item itemId="141" public="1" featured="0">
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            <element elementId="50">
              <name>Title</name>
              <description>A name given to the resource</description>
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                <elementText elementTextId="37">
                  <text>Sacred</text>
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            </element>
            <element elementId="49">
              <name>Subject</name>
              <description>The topic of the resource</description>
              <elementTextContainer>
                <elementText elementTextId="38">
                  <text>domestic and public sacred spaces and piety of traditional Roman religion, Christians, and Jews</text>
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            <element elementId="39">
              <name>Creator</name>
              <description>An entity primarily responsible for making the resource</description>
              <elementTextContainer>
                <elementText elementTextId="39">
                  <text>Joel G. Cerimele</text>
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          <element elementId="50">
            <name>Title</name>
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                <text>Staircase Martyrium in Ss. Giovanni e Paolo, Caelian Hill, Rome</text>
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            <description>An account of the resource</description>
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                <text>This image is the front-facing view of the martyrium built in the late 4th century by Pammachius and Paulina at the top of a renovated landing of their house on the Caelian Hill, meant for their private devotion. The house later converted into Ss. Giovanni e Paolo Church. While it is uncertain to whom the reliquary was dedicated, Ana Munk supports the theory, based on the martyrdom scenes associated with it, the shrine was dedicated to Ss. Crispo, Crispiano, and Benedetta (right). This shrine best exemplifies the continuation of domestic devotion among late antique Christians, such as among this wealthy Roman, senatorial family.&#13;
&#13;
Given that Pammachius died before the Sack of Rome in 410, the shrine was probably constructed between 385, when Pammachius married Paulina, and his death in 410.</text>
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              <elementText elementTextId="606">
                <text>Ana Munk</text>
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            <name>Source</name>
            <description>A related resource from which the described resource is derived</description>
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              <elementText elementTextId="607">
                <text>Ana Munk. "Domestic Piety in Fourth Century Rome: A Relic Shrine Beneath the Church of Ss. Giovanni e Paolo." &lt;em&gt;Hortus Artium Medievalium&lt;/em&gt; 15, no. 1. 2009.</text>
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            <name>Date</name>
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              <elementText elementTextId="608">
                <text>2009</text>
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          </element>
          <element elementId="47">
            <name>Rights</name>
            <description>Information about rights held in and over the resource</description>
            <elementTextContainer>
              <elementText elementTextId="609">
                <text>Photo Taken by Ana Munk; permission granted</text>
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            <element elementId="50">
              <name>Title</name>
              <description>A name given to the resource</description>
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                <elementText elementTextId="37">
                  <text>Sacred</text>
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            <element elementId="49">
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                <elementText elementTextId="38">
                  <text>domestic and public sacred spaces and piety of traditional Roman religion, Christians, and Jews</text>
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              <name>Creator</name>
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              <elementTextContainer>
                <elementText elementTextId="39">
                  <text>Joel G. Cerimele</text>
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          <element elementId="50">
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                <text>The Dome of the Rock</text>
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                <text>Exterior shot of the Dome of the Rock on the Temple Mount in Jerusalem, Israel.</text>
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            <name>Creator</name>
            <description>An entity primarily responsible for making the resource</description>
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              <elementText elementTextId="573">
                <text>Simon Mannweiler</text>
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              <elementText elementTextId="574">
                <text>Wikimedia Commons</text>
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            <name>Date</name>
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                <text>11 December 2007</text>
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          <element elementId="47">
            <name>Rights</name>
            <description>Information about rights held in and over the resource</description>
            <elementTextContainer>
              <elementText elementTextId="576">
                <text>Creative Commons with attribution</text>
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      <tag tagId="261">
        <name>Islam</name>
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        <name>Jerusalem</name>
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        <name>Temple Mount</name>
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        <name>Umayyad</name>
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